تئوری پیچیدگی و رویکرد کلاژیسم در سیستم های ژئومورفیک

Complexity Theory and Collagist Approach in Geomorphic Systems Introduction Now, scientists know the world as complex systems that predict consequences of it is so difficult. In this situation, the systems operated by rotation manner in which chaos is order and discipline leads to chaos. Nowadays, simple idea of ​​how the world work change and convert to complex and paradoxical idea. This is called complexity science. The theory through the assumptions of Newtonian and based on quantum physics states that in a complex system cannot be said that a consensus will be repeated exactly twice, but just the opposite, in these systems, order and disorder complete each other. In this article, have tried to provide overview of the complexity and variety of it and its role in nature and dynamic systems to be studied due to predicted them by better understanding of them. To determine the best approach and method for the study of complex systems and scientific confrontation with them, positivist approaches, Post-positivism and pragmatism is studied. Quantitative methodology based on positive paradigm that focuses on originality of build- environment and qualitative methodology, although historically and philosophical based on anti-positivist or post-positivist approaches but recently has been used and support by non-positive paradigm and also recently the pragmatism paradigm underpin theoretical and philosophical based for combines research methodology as a third methodological movement. Complex adaptive systems The complex system is a system that have been formed of interconnected smaller parts and exhibit behavior that is not deducible from the behavior of the components alone, which means that by studding the individual components of a complex system cannot be achieved to collective behavior. Table 1 - Comparison between tow paradigms positivism (Newtonian) and complexity Complexity paradigm Positivist Paradigm coexistence of certainty and uncertainty certainty Non-linear  relations (mutual causality) Linear causality limited predictability (understanding, analysis of sensitivity and explanation) Complete forecast transitions phase Entities and certain events whole belief Reductionism observer looking at the view Observer looking at the outside focus on appearance and reality The main focus on appearance quantum physics (the possible world and continuous) Newtonian physics (predictable world) Paradox Logic focus on pattern Focus on the beat focus on swing focus on average focus on the United behavior Focus on results or outcomes In general, we can define two viewpoints on complexity theory: 1. Chaos Theory: transition stage from simple to complex (from order to chaos) 2. The self-organization theory: transition stage from complexity to simplicity (from chaos to order) Analysis of positivism, Post-positivism and pragmatism approaches Positivism Paradigm: positivism paradigm is based on realism and also based on the assumption that some reality existed that are explore able and searchable. These reality affected by some unchangeable natural mechanisms and laws. Thus, with an emphasis on originality of environment, believes that the environment have a fundamental impact on direction and form of the phenomena. This paradigm is generally believes experimental-observation method. Anti-positivist or Post-positivism paradigm: this approach has a great stake in the contemporary knowledge production by using qualitative methodology and tries to keep away itself from subjectivism and positivistic reductionism. This paradigm based on relativism (Giddens 1984). Pragmatism approach: the pragmatism paradigm with combined method try to find a moderate field between positivism and post-positivism approach. This approach indicates on pluralism and believes coherent and detailed syncretism of theories and approaches and also believes different and even antonym method that can be effective and efficient. In this regard, all observations and experiments and tests and data depending on the amount of influence that are important to understanding the world as a way of life are evaluated. This approach focuses on value-oriented research and based on practical theory (Tedlly and tashakkori 2003). Analysis of geomorphic systems and collagism approach Collage metaphor means interlaced. Collage is an art, which has held together objects, components, Pictures, drawings and heterogeneous and antonyms components make a new, Innovative and meaningful identity. Faced with complex non-linear systems that have multiple funds will not only be of a structure or a system for dealing and predict the behavior of the system. Therefore, predicting the behavior must match a set of elements to be able to find the appropriate form. In this approach, system components must be mixed so that dominant gravity shows charming and efficient identity. The approach in this study called "collagism" by keeping all the complex concepts can put the environmental management in its framework. Conclusion complexity science is an approach for study, research and predict future that have different philosophical default rather than Newton positivism approaches. In this paradigm can be defined in two schools of thought: the chaos theory and self-organization theory. Chaos is simple method to examine the phenomenon and is a fast way to get answer the questions. Chaos looks at the systems as they are and can be seen in most natural systems, including geomorphic systems. In geomorphic systems, caused turmoil, leads the system towards a new equilibrium in the end. In this view cannot know balance as a concept of absolute sustainability. In other words, when speech about balance between form and process, it means that can be seen a kind of trend in them to achieve stability. Different phases that system pass to reach equilibrium are evidence of self-regulation in the system. The survey showed that old and conventional contrast between qualitative and quantitative methods not only unacceptable but also create unidirectional, one-side and corrupt knowledge so pragmatism paradigm provided combines research methodology as a third methodological movement (after two positive and post-positivist approaches).  pragmatism that in this study called “ Collagism” , indicate on integration of paradigms, peace-oriented and methodologies and integration of their techniques in the field of research. Collagism by conjugating individual components, accepted new identity for the system and it has been studied at the compilation view. So collagism approach as the most appropriate approach for study the systems and manage them in environment has been introduced and also is the best approach in geomorphologic research.